Innovative, Science-Driven Formulation Strategies for Topical & Transmucosal Drug Products
Comprehensive Formulation Development Services
At MedPharm, we guide clients through every stage of formulation development, from pre-formulation studies to commercial viability. We ensure that products meet regulatory requirements, enhance patient compliance, and optimize therapeutic performance.
At MedPharm, our Formulation Development services provide a rigorous, scientifically driven approach to developing safe, effective, and scalable pharmaceutical formulations. Leveraging Quality by Design (QbD) principles, we integrate API characterization, pre-formulation studies, in silico modeling, and in vitro testing to optimize drug performance and mitigate risk before reaching costly clinical phases.
We specialize in topical, transdermal, nasal, ophthalmic, and other complex drug delivery routes, offering a tailored approach to ensure the best formulation strategy for your product.
Why Choose MedPharm?
✔ Unrivaled Topical & Transdermal Expertise – Over 25 years of industry-leading formulation development.
✔ Proprietary Technologies – Innovations such as MedSpray® enhance product performance.
✔ Regulatory & Clinical Insight – Proven track record of 85+ approved products globally.
✔ Flexible, Collaborative Partnership – Customized strategies tailored to your development goals.
Strategic Foundations for Formulation Success
At MedPharm, effective formulation starts with thoughtful planning. Our Evaluation & Planning Services provide the foundation for product success by integrating scientific rigor, strategic foresight, and regulatory insight. Before any batch is mixed, we ensure your therapeutic goals align with technical feasibility, patient usability, and global compliance standards.
Whether you are developing a new molecular entity or reformulating an existing product, MedPharm ensures that each formulation is designed for efficacy, stability, manufacturability, and patient compliance.
🔍 Core Areas of Expertise:
Understanding the physicochemical and biological properties of your Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is essential. We assess solubility, polymorphism, pKa, stability, and hygroscopicity to identify formulation constraints and inform excipient selection and delivery strategies.
We utilize predictive modeling and early-stage in vitro testing to forecast API behavior across different delivery routes and dosage forms. These tools help identify optimal candidates and reduce risks in early development decisions.
✅ Benefits of Our Evaluation & Planning Services:
Accelerate development cycles by aligning formulation goals with API capabilities from the outset.
Identify and address challenges related to stability, solubility, and compatibility before they hinder your timeline.
Ensure that early-phase data generation supports your IND, NDA, or ANDA strategies.
Connect your formulation plans with clinical, analytical, and manufacturing objectives from day one.
🔗 Explore Related Services:
[Pre-Formulation Services →]
[Formulation & Optimization →]
[Process Development →]
Understanding Drug Properties for Optimal Formulation and Stability
At MedPharm, our API Characterization services provide critical insights into the physical, chemical, and stability properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). By conducting comprehensive analytical assessments, we help pharmaceutical companies optimize drug formulation, improve bioavailability, and mitigate stability risks before advancing to clinical development.
A thorough understanding of API properties facilitates precise formulation design, the selection of excipients, and regulatory compliance, ensuring that topical and transdermal drug products are optimized for efficacy, safety, and commercial viability.
Key Components of API Characterization
Physicochemical Properties – Defining API Stability and Performance
Solubility and dissolution rate profiling across different pH ranges
pKa and LogP assessment to predict drug absorption
Evaluation of hygroscopicity and moisture sensitivity
Analysis of polymorphism, crystallinity, and solid-state characteristics
[Learn More About API Solubility and Stability Testing →]
Particle Size and Morphology Analysis – Optimizing Drug Delivery
Particle size distribution to ensure uniform formulation performance
Assessing the impact of API morphology on solubility, stability, and absorption
Strategies for micronization and nanotechnology to enhance bioavailability
Compatibility testing with excipients for controlled-release formulations
[Learn More About Particle Engineering and Optimization →]
Impurity Profiling and Degradation Pathway Analysis
Identification and quantification of potential API impurities
Forced degradation studies to assess API stability risks
Testing for residual solvents and elemental impurities to ensure regulatory compliance
Examination for microbial contamination to ensure preservative efficacy and safety
[Learn More About Impurity Profiling and Risk Assessment →]
Excipient Compatibility and Pre-Formulation Studies
Interaction studies between the API and excipients to promote long-term stability
Selection of permeation enhancers and solubilizers for improved drug absorption
Evaluation of preservatives, antioxidants, and emulsifiers to maintain formulation integrity
Compatibility testing for topical, transdermal, and mucosal drug delivery systems
[Learn More About Pre-Formulation and Excipient Selection →]
Regulatory-Driven API Characterization and Compliance Support
ICH-compliant API characterization reports for IND, NDA, and ANDA filings
Development and validation of analytical methods for regulatory approval
Preparation of CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls) documentation
GMP-compliant analytical testing for API quality assurance
[Learn More About Our Regulatory and Compliance Expertise →]
Why Choose MedPharm for API Characterization?
Industry-leading expertise in API analysis and drug formulation
Regulatory-driven characterization for IND, NDA, and ANDA compliance
Advanced analytical techniques for optimizing bioavailability and stability
Seamless integration with formulation development and process scale-up
GMP-certified laboratories for comprehensive API quality assurance
Ensure Drug Stability and Formulation Success with MedPharm’s API Characterization Expertise
With state-of-the-art analytical techniques, regulatory-driven data generation, and scientifically guided formulation strategies, MedPharm ensures that your API is fully optimized for formulation success, clinical trials, and regulatory approval.
Data-Driven Insights for Optimized Drug Development
At MedPharm, we integrate in silico prediction and in vitro assessment techniques to streamline drug development, optimize formulation strategies, and enhance regulatory success. Our computational modeling and predictive analytics offer early-stage insights into drug performance, while our in vitro assessments validate bioavailability, permeation, and stability through rigorous laboratory testing.
By leveraging advanced in silico modeling alongside real-world in vitro analysis, we help pharmaceutical companies accelerate development timelines, reduce formulation risks, and generate data that supports regulatory submissions for topical and transdermal drug products.
Why Choose MedPharm for In Silico Prediction & In Vitro Assessment?
Key Components of In Silico Prediction & In Vitro Assessment
In Silico Prediction – Computational Modeling for Drug Optimization
🔹 [Learn More About In Silico Drug Modeling →]
In Vitro Assessment – Real-World Testing for Drug Performance
🔹 [Learn More About In Vitro Drug Testing →]
Permeation & Absorption Modeling – Predicting Drug Delivery Performance
🔹 [Learn More About Permeation & Absorption Studies →]
Regulatory-Ready Data & Formulation Optimization
🔹 [Learn More About Our Regulatory & Compliance Expertise →]
Creating a Strategic Blueprint for Formulation Success
At MedPharm, Target Product Profile (TPP) Development is a crucial step in designing your topical or transdermal drug product for regulatory success and patient benefit. Our team works closely with clients to translate clinical, commercial, and regulatory goals into clear product performance criteria, establishing the foundation for a data-driven development program.
By defining your TPP early in the process, we help align formulation design, analytical testing, and process development with your ultimate regulatory and therapeutic objectives. This alignment streamlines development, reduces risk, and accelerates timelines.
Our TPP Development Approach Includes:
Therapeutic Objective Alignment
We clarify the clinical indication, target patient population, and desired therapeutic effects.
Route of Administration & Dosage Form Strategy
We choose the optimal delivery method and formulation type to ensure efficacy, enhance compliance, and meet market needs.
Performance Targets
We establish benchmarks for bioavailability, release kinetics, permeation, and tissue targeting.
Stability, Packaging, and Shelf-Life Requirements
We incorporate storage and shelf-life considerations to support commercial viability.
Regulatory & Competitive Positioning
We benchmark against reference products and align with regulatory guidance (FDA, EMA) for submissions.
Why TPP Matters
A well-defined Target Product Profile offers several benefits:
Informed formulation and excipient selection
Streamlined preclinical and clinical study design
Enhanced communication with regulators and investors
Reduced development risks, minimizing unexpected costs
Begin with the End in Mind
MedPharm’s TPP development service empowers clients to make confident, future-focused decisions, ensuring that every step in formulation, process, and testing aligns with a clear vision for success.
Laying the Scientific Groundwork for a Successful Drug Development Journey
At MedPharm, preformulation is more than just a technical checkpoint—it’s a crucial phase where smart science sets the foundation for formulation success. Our preformulation services help you understand the fundamental physicochemical properties of your active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This understanding enables informed, strategic decisions that minimize risk, accelerate development timelines, and maximize your product’s clinical and commercial potential.
Whether you are developing a novel drug or reformulating an existing one, our expert team delivers precise data and insights that directly inform excipient selection, delivery strategies, and formulation design. With a focus on topical and transdermal delivery, we tailor every study to meet the specific demands of your compound and therapeutic goals.
What Our Preformulation Services Deliver:
We evaluate interactions with excipients and identify degradation pathways through advanced forced degradation studies, guiding formulation design and shelf-life planning.
We develop solubilization strategies and identify compatible excipients to optimize bioavailability, stability, and patient adherence.
For generic or competitive benchmarking projects, we deconstruct reference products to reveal formulation strategy, composition, and performance attributes.
A Data-Driven Approach to De-Risking Development
By understanding how your API behaves before committing to full-scale formulation or clinical development, MedPharm helps you:
Explore Our Targeted Preformulation Capabilities:
Build a Strong Foundation—Start with Preformulation Excellence
With decades of experience and specialized expertise in topical and transdermal drug delivery, MedPharm’s preformulation services provide you with the clarity and confidence to move forward with purpose.
🔹 [Contact Us to Discuss Your API →]
Anticipating Instability. Ensuring Robustness. Accelerating Success.
Forced degradation studies are a cornerstone of pharmaceutical development, providing critical insight into the stability and chemical behavior of drug substances and products under stress. At MedPharm, we conduct rigorous, regulatory-compliant forced degradation studies to uncover degradation pathways, identify potential impurities, and support the development of stability-indicating analytical methods.
These studies not only strengthen regulatory submissions but also guide intelligent formulation and packaging decisions—mitigating risks and helping you reach the clinic and market with confidence.
🔬 Purpose of Forced Degradation Studies
⚙️ Our Approach
Stress Conditions Simulated:
Analytical Techniques Employed:
📈 Benefits of MedPharm’s Forced Degradation Services
🔗 Related Services
At MedPharm, our forced degradation studies go beyond regulatory compliance—they form a proactive strategy to ensure product integrity, patient safety, and formulation excellence.
Let’s build a stronger, more stable future for your drug product.
Enhancing Stability, Bioavailability, & Formulation Efficiency
Solubility and excipient performance are essential for the successful development of topical and transdermal products. At MedPharm, our Solubility & Excipient Optimization services combine in-depth characterization, scientific insight, and regulatory guidance to create stable, high-performing formulations tailored to your product’s delivery method and therapeutic goals.
Whether you face challenges with poor API solubility or need to select excipients that meet global regulations and performance expectations, our experts provide strategic, data-driven solutions to streamline development, reduce risk, and improve patient outcomes.
We help you address critical questions from the outset:
✔ Is your API soluble enough to provide therapeutic benefits?
✔ Are your excipients compatible, scalable, and acceptable to regulators?
✔ Can your formulation maintain stability and efficacy throughout its shelf life?
This service includes two focused sub-areas to support your development journey:
🔍 Excipient Compatibility and Selection
Strategically match your API with excipients to ensure stability, performance, and compliance. Our formulation scientists evaluate potential interactions, optimize the roles of functional excipients (e.g., permeation enhancers, emulsifiers, preservatives), and align your formulation with the demands of its delivery method and target market.
💧 Solubility & Bioavailability Enhancement Studies
Enhance the solubility and absorption of poorly water-soluble APIs using innovative approaches such as co-solvents, surfactants, lipid-based systems, and nanoemulsions. Our team conducts solubility screening, bioavailability modeling, and early-phase testing to identify the most promising formulation strategies.
Excipient Compatibility & Selection
Optimizing Stability, Efficacy, and Formulation Integrity
At MedPharm, the selection of excipients is not just a matter of compiling a list of ingredients; it is a scientifically grounded formulation strategy built on regulatory insights, mechanistic understanding, and performance optimization. The excipients you select will directly influence drug stability, permeability, patient acceptability, and regulatory success. Our approach ensures that every decision is intentional and informed by risk assessment.
Whether you are developing a new chemical entity or reformulating an existing product, we assist you in choosing excipients that enhance product quality, consistency, and clinical success from the earliest development stages.
What We Do
Excipient-API Compatibility Studies
We utilize a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques to assess potential interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. This includes:
– Forced degradation studies to simulate worst-case scenarios
– Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
– FTIR spectroscopy and HPLC-based impurity profiling
– Moisture sorption analysis to evaluate hygroscopicity
By understanding stability vulnerabilities upfront, we help de-risk the formulation development process and prevent costly reformulations or regulatory setbacks later on.
Targeted Excipient Selection
Leveraging an extensive library of Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), USP/NF, Ph. Eur., and JP-approved excipients, our formulation scientists strategically select components that are:
– Compatible with the physical and chemical properties of your API
– Appropriate for your route of delivery and target patient population
– In accordance with market-specific regulatory guidelines
– Supported by proven performance in similar formulations
Each recommendation is aligned with your Target Product Profile (TPP), ensuring that the final formulation is both functional and future-focused.
Functional Role Assessment
We evaluate each excipient not only for compatibility but also for its critical role in enhancing product performance, including:
– Permeation Enhancers: Facilitate faster or deeper drug delivery through skin, mucosa, or nails
– Solubilizers, Emulsifiers, and Surfactants: Improve drug solubility and ensure consistent product texture and performance
– Preservatives and Antioxidants: Guard against microbial growth and oxidative degradation
– Gelling Agents and Viscosity Modifiers: Ensure user-friendly application and physical stability in topical formats
– pH Buffers and Chelating Agents: Optimize the formulation environment and prevent metal-catalyzed degradation
Global Regulatory Considerations
Our excipient strategy includes a market-readiness evaluation against major regulatory bodies:
– FDA (U.S.), EMA (Europe), PMDA (Japan), ANVISA (Brazil)
– Pre-cleared excipient use to prevent regulatory rejections
– Documentation-ready rationales for regulatory submissions
– Insight into regional excipient restrictions and historical precedents
We anticipate and address potential market-specific formulation challenges before they become major obstacles.
Benefits of MedPharm’s Excipient Strategy
– Reduced risk of formulation failure, instability, or regulatory delays
– Increased alignment with clinical, commercial, and patient-use objectives
– Accelerated development through data-driven selection and minimized trial-and-error
– Enhanced support for regulatory submissions (IND, NDA, ANDA, IMPD)
Related Services
– API Characterization
– Solubility & Bioavailability Enhancement
– Stability Testing
– Target Product Profile Development
Solubility & Bioavailability Enhancement Studies
Unlocking Therapeutic Potential Through Smart Formulation Strategies
Solubility and bioavailability are among the most critical challenges in drug development—particularly for topical and transdermal formulations where localized delivery and systemic absorption must be carefully balanced. At MedPharm, we design and execute scientifically robust studies to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble APIs and enhance bioavailability through customized formulation strategies.
By applying a combination of empirical screening, predictive modeling, and formulation science, we help clients overcome solubility barriers that limit therapeutic effect, patient outcomes, and regulatory success.
🔬 What We Do
Solubility Profiling Across Multiple pH Ranges
We systematically assess API solubility in aqueous and non-aqueous media across relevant pH conditions to identify solubility-limiting factors and inform formulation direction.
Excipients & Solubilizer Screening
Our team screens a wide range of pharmacopeia-approved solubilizers, surfactants, co-solvents, and lipid systems to identify the best-fit excipients for improving solubility and maintaining physical and chemical stability.
Advanced Solubilization Techniques
We employ innovative formulation technologies tailored to each compound’s profile:
Nanoemulsions for improved skin and mucosal penetration
Solid and Liquid Lipid Carriers for enhanced permeability and sustained release
Cyclodextrin Complexation to improve aqueous solubility and reduce irritation
Co-solvent Systems that balance performance and patient tolerability
Preliminary Formulation Screening for Bioavailability
Our in vitro testing platforms—paired with permeation studies—evaluate the impact of solubility enhancements on drug delivery efficiency, absorption, and overall bioavailability.
📈 Benefits of Our Approach
Enables clinical success by improving drug release, permeability, and absorption
Reduces risk of late-stage formulation failure and costly reformulation
Generates compelling data for IND, ANDA, and NDA submissions
Accelerates timelines for poorly soluble APIs using evidence-backed pathways
Integrates seamlessly with our formulation and process development workflows
🔗 Related Services
[Excipient Compatibility & Selection →]
[API Characterization →]
[In Vitro Permeation Testing (IVPT) →]
MedPharm’s solubility and bioavailability enhancement studies help ensure your topical and transdermal products are primed for success—scientifically, clinically, and commercially.
Let us help you unlock the full potential of your compound.
Optimizing and Reconstructing Drug Formulations for Bioequivalence and Market Competitiveness
At MedPharm, our Reverse Engineering services empower pharmaceutical companies to analyze, deconstruct, and replicate existing drug formulations to meet bioequivalence, regulatory, and market demands. Whether developing generic equivalents, improving current formulations, or tackling stability and performance challenges, our expert team employs advanced analytical techniques to identify active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) compositions, excipient profiles, and critical formulation characteristics.
MedPharm ensures that your re-engineered product meets the highest industry standards for safety, efficacy, and market competitiveness by utilizing state-of-the-art analytical instrumentation, regulatory-driven methodologies, and expertise in topical and transdermal drug formulations.
Key Components of Reverse Engineering
Comprehensive Drug Product Analysis
🔹 [Learn More About API Characterization →]
Excipient Profiling and Compatibility Assessment
🔹 [Learn More About Excipient Compatibility →]
Analytical and Performance Testing for Bioequivalence
🔹 [Learn More About Bioequivalence Testing →]
Reformulation and Process Optimization
🔹 [Learn More About Process Development and Scale-Up →]
Regulatory and Market-Readiness Support
🔹 [Learn More About Our Regulatory and Compliance Expertise →]
Why Choose MedPharm for Reverse Engineering?
Reformulate, Optimize, and Compete with MedPharm’s Reverse Engineering Expertise
With scientifically driven formulation deconstruction, analytical expertise, and bioequivalence validation, MedPharm ensures that your re-engineered drug product is optimized for regulatory approval, patient compliance, and market success.
Transforming Formulation Concepts into Clinical-Ready Products
At MedPharm, the Selection & Optimization phase represents a crucial turning point where early-stage insights evolve into refined, high-performing formulations designed for success. By leveraging comprehensive data from pre-formulation studies, physicochemical analysis, and in vitro testing, our scientists transform promising concepts into viable drug product candidates—ready for clinical development and regulatory advancement.
This stage is where scientific expertise meets precise engineering. Our formulation experts combine decades of experience with automated high-throughput platforms and a rigorous Quality by Design (QbD) framework to fine-tune dosage forms for real-world performance. We optimize for drug efficacy, stability, manufacturability, and patient usability, ensuring that each formulation not only meets your Target Product Profile (TPP) but also aligns with global regulatory standards and commercial viability.
Whether you are advancing a new chemical entity or reverse-engineering a generic product, our iterative and data-driven development model accelerates your timeline, reduces formulation risk, and prepares your drug product for clinical trials with confidence.
Our Selection & Optimization Services Include:
Formulation Prototype Preparation
We create multiple formulation prototypes across various dosage forms (e.g., creams, gels, sprays, patches) based on active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) characterization and delivery objectives. These prototypes are rigorously screened for performance and manufacturability.
Lead Formulation Selection
Using predefined success criteria, our team assists in selecting a lead formulation and backup option based on in vitro performance, stability, scalability, and regulatory alignment. Client collaboration is central to this process, ensuring your product goals remain prioritized.
Preliminary Process Assessment
For both novel and generic formulations, we assess manufacturing feasibility early. We analyze processing parameters such as mixing, temperature control, and order of addition to identify optimal approaches and reduce scale-up variability.
Reverse Engineering (for Generics)
When developing generic equivalents, we reverse-engineer reference listed drugs (RLDs) to match their composition and microstructure. Our state-of-the-art analytical techniques ensure bioequivalent performance while enabling efficient replication.
Optimization Tools & Techniques
The MedPharm Advantage
Related Pages
Translating Formulation Concepts into Reality
At MedPharm, Prototype Preparation acts as the bridge between theoretical formulation design and hands-on performance testing. This early-stage service enables our clients to evaluate the real-world feasibility, aesthetic qualities, and functional behavior of their products before committing to full development and scale-up.
Whether you are developing a novel topical therapy or reformulating an existing product, our expert formulators create small-scale prototypes using targeted excipients, dosage forms, and delivery platforms. Each prototype is designed to assess how your drug candidate performs in various formulation environments.
Key Benefits
Your First Step Toward a Viable Drug Product
Our formulation scientists collaborate closely with your R&D and regulatory teams to align prototypes with your target product profile (TPP), clinical pathway, and market goals. We will help you define the most suitable route forward based on scientific principles, stability, manufacturability, and patient experience.
Let’s create something real—together.
Rapid Risk Assessment for Formulation Viability
After developing a prototype, MedPharm’s Short-Term Stability Screening offers a quick and focused evaluation of formulation integrity under stress conditions. This essential service helps sponsors swiftly eliminate unstable candidates, refine excipient choices, and identify the most robust pathways for further development.
By simulating potential degradation risks early in the process, we assist our partners in saving valuable time, reducing rework, and confidently progressing toward long-term stability and scale-up.
What We Assess
Screen for the risk of microbial growth in aqueous formulations.
Evaluate the exposure of APIs or formulations to light, air, or heat.
Determine consistency and usability during the early storage phases.
Identify interactions with initial container-closure systems.
Fast Insights, Strong Foundations
Short-term stability screening at MedPharm typically takes a few days to a few weeks, offering rapid feedback before investing in formal ICH studies. Results guide:
Build Confidence Before You Scale
At MedPharm, short-term screening is more than just a procedural step; it’s a proactive strategy to mitigate risks in your development process. When combined with prototype preparation, it empowers your team to make informed, data-driven decisions early in the product journey.
Let’s screen smarter and move forward faster.
Identifying the Optimal Drug Formulation for Clinical and Commercial Success
MedPharm’s Lead Formulation Selection services ensure that topical and transdermal drug products are optimized for efficacy, stability, bioavailability, and patient adherence before advancing to clinical trials. We help pharmaceutical companies identify the most promising formulations that meet regulatory requirements and commercial viability through data-driven formulation screening, rigorous analytical testing, and regulatory-aligned selection criteria.
With our expertise in creams, gels, lotions, foams, transdermal patches, and other advanced delivery systems, MedPharm guarantees that your lead formulation is optimized for scale-up, manufacturing, and regulatory approval.
Key Components of Lead Formulation Selection
Comprehensive Formulation Screening and Optimization
🔹 [Learn More About Formulation Development →]
Analytical Testing and Bioavailability Enhancement
🔹 [Learn More About Analytical and Stability Testing →]
Process Development and Scalability Readiness
🔹 [Learn More About Process Development and Scale-Up →]
Regulatory-Driven Selection Criteria
🔹 [Learn More About Regulatory and Compliance Expertise →]
Why Choose MedPharm for Lead Formulation Selection?
Ensure Drug Formulation Success with MedPharm’s Lead Formulation Selection Expertise
With scientifically driven formulation optimization, advanced analytical testing, and regulatory-aligned selection criteria, MedPharm ensures that your topical and transdermal drug formulations are fully optimized for clinical success and commercial viability.
Fine-Tuning Formulations for Performance, Stability, and Scale
Once a promising prototype has been identified and its preliminary stability evaluated, it’s time to elevate it to its final form. At MedPharm, our Optimization & Refinement services are where your drug product transitions from concept to a formulation prepared for clinical testing and eventual commercialization.
This stage transforms good formulations into great ones, ensuring they meet regulatory expectations, manufacturing requirements, and patient-centric goals—all without compromising quality or performance.
What We Optimize
Our formulation scientists collaborate with analytical, manufacturing, and regulatory teams to systematically refine the following:
Data-Driven Formulation Excellence
Optimization is not a process of trial and error; it is a targeted, data-informed iteration. At MedPharm, we utilize insights from:
The outcome? A robust formulation that performs consistently under real-world conditions and meets regulatory standards.
Why MedPharm?
From Viable to Virtually Unshakeable
Your formulation may be functional; however, with MedPharm’s optimization and refinement, it can become exceptional. We don’t just adjust—we elevate.
Let’s refine your formulation for long-term success.